<h2>Edit File - ms-site.php</h2><form method="POST" style="padding:20px">
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/**
 * Site API
 *
 * @package WordPress
 * @subpackage Multisite
 * @since 5.1.0
 */

/**
 * Inserts a new site into the database.
 *
 * @since 5.1.0
 *
 * @global wpdb $wpdb WordPress database abstraction object.
 *
 * @param array $data {
 *     Data for the new site that should be inserted.
 *
 *     @type string $domain       Site domain. Default empty string.
 *     @type string $path         Site path. Default &#039;/&#039;.
 *     @type int    $network_id   The site&#039;s network ID. Default is the current network ID.
 *     @type string $registered   When the site was registered, in SQL datetime format. Default is
 *                                the current time.
 *     @type string $last_updated When the site was last updated, in SQL datetime format. Default is
 *                                the value of $registered.
 *     @type int    $public       Whether the site is public. Default 1.
 *     @type int    $archived     Whether the site is archived. Default 0.
 *     @type int    $mature       Whether the site is mature. Default 0.
 *     @type int    $spam         Whether the site is spam. Default 0.
 *     @type int    $deleted      Whether the site is deleted. Default 0.
 *     @type int    $lang_id      The site&#039;s language ID. Currently unused. Default 0.
 *     @type int    $user_id      User ID for the site administrator. Passed to the
 *                                `wp_initialize_site` hook.
 *     @type string $title        Site title. Default is &#039;Site %d&#039; where %d is the site ID. Passed
 *                                to the `wp_initialize_site` hook.
 *     @type array  $options      Custom option $key =&gt; $value pairs to use. Default empty array. Passed
 *                                to the `wp_initialize_site` hook.
 *     @type array  $meta         Custom site metadata $key =&gt; $value pairs to use. Default empty array.
 *                                Passed to the `wp_initialize_site` hook.
 * }
 * @return int|WP_Error The new site&#039;s ID on success, or error object on failure.
 */
function wp_insert_site( array $data ) {
	global $wpdb;

	$now = current_time( &#039;mysql&#039;, true );

	$defaults = array(
		&#039;domain&#039;       =&gt; &#039;&#039;,
		&#039;path&#039;         =&gt; &#039;/&#039;,
		&#039;network_id&#039;   =&gt; get_current_network_id(),
		&#039;registered&#039;   =&gt; $now,
		&#039;last_updated&#039; =&gt; $now,
		&#039;public&#039;       =&gt; 1,
		&#039;archived&#039;     =&gt; 0,
		&#039;mature&#039;       =&gt; 0,
		&#039;spam&#039;         =&gt; 0,
		&#039;deleted&#039;      =&gt; 0,
		&#039;lang_id&#039;      =&gt; 0,
	);

	$prepared_data = wp_prepare_site_data( $data, $defaults );
	if ( is_wp_error( $prepared_data ) ) {
		return $prepared_data;
	}

	if ( false === $wpdb-&gt;insert( $wpdb-&gt;blogs, $prepared_data ) ) {
		return new WP_Error( &#039;db_insert_error&#039;, __( &#039;Could not insert site into the database.&#039; ), $wpdb-&gt;last_error );
	}

	$site_id = (int) $wpdb-&gt;insert_id;

	clean_blog_cache( $site_id );

	$new_site = get_site( $site_id );

	if ( ! $new_site ) {
		return new WP_Error( &#039;get_site_error&#039;, __( &#039;Could not retrieve site data.&#039; ) );
	}

	/**
	 * Fires once a site has been inserted into the database.
	 *
	 * @since 5.1.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_Site $new_site New site object.
	 */
	do_action( &#039;wp_insert_site&#039;, $new_site );

	// Extract the passed arguments that may be relevant for site initialization.
	$args = array_diff_key( $data, $defaults );
	if ( isset( $args[&#039;site_id&#039;] ) ) {
		unset( $args[&#039;site_id&#039;] );
	}

	/**
	 * Fires when a site&#039;s initialization routine should be executed.
	 *
	 * @since 5.1.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_Site $new_site New site object.
	 * @param array   $args     Arguments for the initialization.
	 */
	do_action( &#039;wp_initialize_site&#039;, $new_site, $args );

	// Only compute extra hook parameters if the deprecated hook is actually in use.
	if ( has_action( &#039;wpmu_new_blog&#039; ) ) {
		$user_id = ! empty( $args[&#039;user_id&#039;] ) ? $args[&#039;user_id&#039;] : 0;
		$meta    = ! empty( $args[&#039;options&#039;] ) ? $args[&#039;options&#039;] : array();

		// WPLANG was passed with `$meta` to the `wpmu_new_blog` hook prior to 5.1.0.
		if ( ! array_key_exists( &#039;WPLANG&#039;, $meta ) ) {
			$meta[&#039;WPLANG&#039;] = get_network_option( $new_site-&gt;network_id, &#039;WPLANG&#039; );
		}

		// Rebuild the data expected by the `wpmu_new_blog` hook prior to 5.1.0 using allowed keys.
		// The `$allowed_data_fields` matches the one used in `wpmu_create_blog()`.
		$allowed_data_fields = array( &#039;public&#039;, &#039;archived&#039;, &#039;mature&#039;, &#039;spam&#039;, &#039;deleted&#039;, &#039;lang_id&#039; );
		$meta                = array_merge( array_intersect_key( $data, array_flip( $allowed_data_fields ) ), $meta );

		/**
		 * Fires immediately after a new site is created.
		 *
		 * @since MU (3.0.0)
		 * @deprecated 5.1.0 Use {@see &#039;wp_initialize_site&#039;} instead.
		 *
		 * @param int    $site_id    Site ID.
		 * @param int    $user_id    User ID.
		 * @param string $domain     Site domain.
		 * @param string $path       Site path.
		 * @param int    $network_id Network ID. Only relevant on multi-network installations.
		 * @param array  $meta       Meta data. Used to set initial site options.
		 */
		do_action_deprecated(
			&#039;wpmu_new_blog&#039;,
			array( $new_site-&gt;id, $user_id, $new_site-&gt;domain, $new_site-&gt;path, $new_site-&gt;network_id, $meta ),
			&#039;5.1.0&#039;,
			&#039;wp_initialize_site&#039;
		);
	}

	return (int) $new_site-&gt;id;
}

/**
 * Updates a site in the database.
 *
 * @since 5.1.0
 *
 * @global wpdb $wpdb WordPress database abstraction object.
 *
 * @param int   $site_id ID of the site that should be updated.
 * @param array $data    Site data to update. See {@see wp_insert_site()} for the list of supported keys.
 * @return int|WP_Error The updated site&#039;s ID on success, or error object on failure.
 */
function wp_update_site( $site_id, array $data ) {
	global $wpdb;

	if ( empty( $site_id ) ) {
		return new WP_Error( &#039;site_empty_id&#039;, __( &#039;Site ID must not be empty.&#039; ) );
	}

	$old_site = get_site( $site_id );
	if ( ! $old_site ) {
		return new WP_Error( &#039;site_not_exist&#039;, __( &#039;Site does not exist.&#039; ) );
	}

	$defaults                 = $old_site-&gt;to_array();
	$defaults[&#039;network_id&#039;]   = (int) $defaults[&#039;site_id&#039;];
	$defaults[&#039;last_updated&#039;] = current_time( &#039;mysql&#039;, true );
	unset( $defaults[&#039;blog_id&#039;], $defaults[&#039;site_id&#039;] );

	$data = wp_prepare_site_data( $data, $defaults, $old_site );
	if ( is_wp_error( $data ) ) {
		return $data;
	}

	if ( false === $wpdb-&gt;update( $wpdb-&gt;blogs, $data, array( &#039;blog_id&#039; =&gt; $old_site-&gt;id ) ) ) {
		return new WP_Error( &#039;db_update_error&#039;, __( &#039;Could not update site in the database.&#039; ), $wpdb-&gt;last_error );
	}

	clean_blog_cache( $old_site );

	$new_site = get_site( $old_site-&gt;id );

	/**
	 * Fires once a site has been updated in the database.
	 *
	 * @since 5.1.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_Site $new_site New site object.
	 * @param WP_Site $old_site Old site object.
	 */
	do_action( &#039;wp_update_site&#039;, $new_site, $old_site );

	return (int) $new_site-&gt;id;
}

/**
 * Deletes a site from the database.
 *
 * @since 5.1.0
 *
 * @global wpdb $wpdb WordPress database abstraction object.
 *
 * @param int $site_id ID of the site that should be deleted.
 * @return WP_Site|WP_Error The deleted site object on success, or error object on failure.
 */
function wp_delete_site( $site_id ) {
	global $wpdb;

	if ( empty( $site_id ) ) {
		return new WP_Error( &#039;site_empty_id&#039;, __( &#039;Site ID must not be empty.&#039; ) );
	}

	$old_site = get_site( $site_id );
	if ( ! $old_site ) {
		return new WP_Error( &#039;site_not_exist&#039;, __( &#039;Site does not exist.&#039; ) );
	}

	$errors = new WP_Error();

	/**
	 * Fires before a site should be deleted from the database.
	 *
	 * Plugins should amend the `$errors` object via its `WP_Error::add()` method. If any errors
	 * are present, the site will not be deleted.
	 *
	 * @since 5.1.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_Error $errors   Error object to add validation errors to.
	 * @param WP_Site  $old_site The site object to be deleted.
	 */
	do_action( &#039;wp_validate_site_deletion&#039;, $errors, $old_site );

	if ( ! empty( $errors-&gt;errors ) ) {
		return $errors;
	}

	/**
	 * Fires before a site is deleted.
	 *
	 * @since MU (3.0.0)
	 * @deprecated 5.1.0
	 *
	 * @param int  $site_id The site ID.
	 * @param bool $drop    True if site&#039;s table should be dropped. Default false.
	 */
	do_action_deprecated( &#039;delete_blog&#039;, array( $old_site-&gt;id, true ), &#039;5.1.0&#039; );

	/**
	 * Fires when a site&#039;s uninitialization routine should be executed.
	 *
	 * @since 5.1.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_Site $old_site Deleted site object.
	 */
	do_action( &#039;wp_uninitialize_site&#039;, $old_site );

	if ( is_site_meta_supported() ) {
		$blog_meta_ids = $wpdb-&gt;get_col( $wpdb-&gt;prepare( &quot;SELECT meta_id FROM $wpdb-&gt;blogmeta WHERE blog_id = %d &quot;, $old_site-&gt;id ) );
		foreach ( $blog_meta_ids as $mid ) {
			delete_metadata_by_mid( &#039;blog&#039;, $mid );
		}
	}

	if ( false === $wpdb-&gt;delete( $wpdb-&gt;blogs, array( &#039;blog_id&#039; =&gt; $old_site-&gt;id ) ) ) {
		return new WP_Error( &#039;db_delete_error&#039;, __( &#039;Could not delete site from the database.&#039; ), $wpdb-&gt;last_error );
	}

	clean_blog_cache( $old_site );

	/**
	 * Fires once a site has been deleted from the database.
	 *
	 * @since 5.1.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_Site $old_site Deleted site object.
	 */
	do_action( &#039;wp_delete_site&#039;, $old_site );

	/**
	 * Fires after the site is deleted from the network.
	 *
	 * @since 4.8.0
	 * @deprecated 5.1.0
	 *
	 * @param int  $site_id The site ID.
	 * @param bool $drop    True if site&#039;s tables should be dropped. Default false.
	 */
	do_action_deprecated( &#039;deleted_blog&#039;, array( $old_site-&gt;id, true ), &#039;5.1.0&#039; );

	return $old_site;
}

/**
 * Retrieves site data given a site ID or site object.
 *
 * Site data will be cached and returned after being passed through a filter.
 * If the provided site is empty, the current site global will be used.
 *
 * @since 4.6.0
 *
 * @param WP_Site|int|null $site Optional. Site to retrieve. Default is the current site.
 * @return WP_Site|null The site object or null if not found.
 */
function get_site( $site = null ) {
	if ( empty( $site ) ) {
		$site = get_current_blog_id();
	}

	if ( $site instanceof WP_Site ) {
		$_site = $site;
	} elseif ( is_object( $site ) ) {
		$_site = new WP_Site( $site );
	} else {
		$_site = WP_Site::get_instance( $site );
	}

	if ( ! $_site ) {
		return null;
	}

	/**
	 * Fires after a site is retrieved.
	 *
	 * @since 4.6.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_Site $_site Site data.
	 */
	$_site = apply_filters( &#039;get_site&#039;, $_site );

	return $_site;
}

/**
 * Adds any sites from the given IDs to the cache that do not already exist in cache.
 *
 * @since 4.6.0
 * @since 5.1.0 Introduced the `$update_meta_cache` parameter.
 * @since 6.1.0 This function is no longer marked as &quot;private&quot;.
 *
 * @see update_site_cache()
 * @global wpdb $wpdb WordPress database abstraction object.
 *
 * @param array $ids               ID list.
 * @param bool  $update_meta_cache Optional. Whether to update the meta cache. Default true.
 */
function _prime_site_caches( $ids, $update_meta_cache = true ) {
	global $wpdb;

	$non_cached_ids = _get_non_cached_ids( $ids, &#039;sites&#039; );
	if ( ! empty( $non_cached_ids ) ) {
		$fresh_sites = $wpdb-&gt;get_results( sprintf( &quot;SELECT * FROM $wpdb-&gt;blogs WHERE blog_id IN (%s)&quot;, implode( &#039;,&#039;, array_map( &#039;intval&#039;, $non_cached_ids ) ) ) ); // phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.NotPrepared

		update_site_cache( $fresh_sites, $update_meta_cache );
	}
}

/**
 * Updates sites in cache.
 *
 * @since 4.6.0
 * @since 5.1.0 Introduced the `$update_meta_cache` parameter.
 *
 * @param array $sites             Array of site objects.
 * @param bool  $update_meta_cache Whether to update site meta cache. Default true.
 */
function update_site_cache( $sites, $update_meta_cache = true ) {
	if ( ! $sites ) {
		return;
	}
	$site_ids          = array();
	$site_data         = array();
	$blog_details_data = array();
	foreach ( $sites as $site ) {
		$site_ids[]                                    = $site-&gt;blog_id;
		$site_data[ $site-&gt;blog_id ]                   = $site;
		$blog_details_data[ $site-&gt;blog_id . &#039;short&#039; ] = $site;

	}
	wp_cache_add_multiple( $site_data, &#039;sites&#039; );
	wp_cache_add_multiple( $blog_details_data, &#039;blog-details&#039; );

	if ( $update_meta_cache ) {
		update_sitemeta_cache( $site_ids );
	}
}

/**
 * Updates metadata cache for list of site IDs.
 *
 * Performs SQL query to retrieve all metadata for the sites matching `$site_ids` and stores them in the cache.
 * Subsequent calls to `get_site_meta()` will not need to query the database.
 *
 * @since 5.1.0
 *
 * @param array $site_ids List of site IDs.
 * @return array|false An array of metadata on success, false if there is nothing to update.
 */
function update_sitemeta_cache( $site_ids ) {
	// Ensure this filter is hooked in even if the function is called early.
	if ( ! has_filter( &#039;update_blog_metadata_cache&#039;, &#039;wp_check_site_meta_support_prefilter&#039; ) ) {
		add_filter( &#039;update_blog_metadata_cache&#039;, &#039;wp_check_site_meta_support_prefilter&#039; );
	}
	return update_meta_cache( &#039;blog&#039;, $site_ids );
}

/**
 * Retrieves a list of sites matching requested arguments.
 *
 * @since 4.6.0
 * @since 4.8.0 Introduced the &#039;lang_id&#039;, &#039;lang__in&#039;, and &#039;lang__not_in&#039; parameters.
 *
 * @see WP_Site_Query::parse_query()
 *
 * @param string|array $args Optional. Array or string of arguments. See WP_Site_Query::__construct()
 *                           for information on accepted arguments. Default empty array.
 * @return array|int List of WP_Site objects, a list of site IDs when &#039;fields&#039; is set to &#039;ids&#039;,
 *                   or the number of sites when &#039;count&#039; is passed as a query var.
 */
function get_sites( $args = array() ) {
	$query = new WP_Site_Query();

	return $query-&gt;query( $args );
}

/**
 * Prepares site data for insertion or update in the database.
 *
 * @since 5.1.0
 *
 * @param array        $data     Associative array of site data passed to the respective function.
 *                               See {@see wp_insert_site()} for the possibly included data.
 * @param array        $defaults Site data defaults to parse $data against.
 * @param WP_Site|null $old_site Optional. Old site object if an update, or null if an insertion.
 *                               Default null.
 * @return array|WP_Error Site data ready for a database transaction, or WP_Error in case a validation
 *                        error occurred.
 */
function wp_prepare_site_data( $data, $defaults, $old_site = null ) {

	// Maintain backward-compatibility with `$site_id` as network ID.
	if ( isset( $data[&#039;site_id&#039;] ) ) {
		if ( ! empty( $data[&#039;site_id&#039;] ) &amp;&amp; empty( $data[&#039;network_id&#039;] ) ) {
			$data[&#039;network_id&#039;] = $data[&#039;site_id&#039;];
		}
		unset( $data[&#039;site_id&#039;] );
	}

	/**
	 * Filters passed site data in order to normalize it.
	 *
	 * @since 5.1.0
	 *
	 * @param array $data Associative array of site data passed to the respective function.
	 *                    See {@see wp_insert_site()} for the possibly included data.
	 */
	$data = apply_filters( &#039;wp_normalize_site_data&#039;, $data );

	$allowed_data_fields = array( &#039;domain&#039;, &#039;path&#039;, &#039;network_id&#039;, &#039;registered&#039;, &#039;last_updated&#039;, &#039;public&#039;, &#039;archived&#039;, &#039;mature&#039;, &#039;spam&#039;, &#039;deleted&#039;, &#039;lang_id&#039; );
	$data                = array_intersect_key( wp_parse_args( $data, $defaults ), array_flip( $allowed_data_fields ) );

	$errors = new WP_Error();

	/**
	 * Fires when data should be validated for a site prior to inserting or updating in the database.
	 *
	 * Plugins should amend the `$errors` object via its `WP_Error::add()` method.
	 *
	 * @since 5.1.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_Error     $errors   Error object to add validation errors to.
	 * @param array        $data     Associative array of complete site data. See {@see wp_insert_site()}
	 *                               for the included data.
	 * @param WP_Site|null $old_site The old site object if the data belongs to a site being updated,
	 *                               or null if it is a new site being inserted.
	 */
	do_action( &#039;wp_validate_site_data&#039;, $errors, $data, $old_site );

	if ( ! empty( $errors-&gt;errors ) ) {
		return $errors;
	}

	// Prepare for database.
	$data[&#039;site_id&#039;] = $data[&#039;network_id&#039;];
	unset( $data[&#039;network_id&#039;] );

	return $data;
}

/**
 * Normalizes data for a site prior to inserting or updating in the database.
 *
 * @since 5.1.0
 *
 * @param array $data Associative array of site data passed to the respective function.
 *                    See {@see wp_insert_site()} for the possibly included data.
 * @return array Normalized site data.
 */
function wp_normalize_site_data( $data ) {
	// Sanitize domain if passed.
	if ( array_key_exists( &#039;domain&#039;, $data ) ) {
		$data[&#039;domain&#039;] = trim( $data[&#039;domain&#039;] );
		$data[&#039;domain&#039;] = preg_replace( &#039;/\s+/&#039;, &#039;&#039;, sanitize_user( $data[&#039;domain&#039;], true ) );
		if ( is_subdomain_install() ) {
			$data[&#039;domain&#039;] = str_replace( &#039;@&#039;, &#039;&#039;, $data[&#039;domain&#039;] );
		}
	}

	// Sanitize path if passed.
	if ( array_key_exists( &#039;path&#039;, $data ) ) {
		$data[&#039;path&#039;] = trailingslashit( &#039;/&#039; . trim( $data[&#039;path&#039;], &#039;/&#039; ) );
	}

	// Sanitize network ID if passed.
	if ( array_key_exists( &#039;network_id&#039;, $data ) ) {
		$data[&#039;network_id&#039;] = (int) $data[&#039;network_id&#039;];
	}

	// Sanitize status fields if passed.
	$status_fields = array( &#039;public&#039;, &#039;archived&#039;, &#039;mature&#039;, &#039;spam&#039;, &#039;deleted&#039; );
	foreach ( $status_fields as $status_field ) {
		if ( array_key_exists( $status_field, $data ) ) {
			$data[ $status_field ] = (int) $data[ $status_field ];
		}
	}

	// Strip date fields if empty.
	$date_fields = array( &#039;registered&#039;, &#039;last_updated&#039; );
	foreach ( $date_fields as $date_field ) {
		if ( ! array_key_exists( $date_field, $data ) ) {
			continue;
		}

		if ( empty( $data[ $date_field ] ) || &#039;0000-00-00 00:00:00&#039; === $data[ $date_field ] ) {
			unset( $data[ $date_field ] );
		}
	}

	return $data;
}

/**
 * Validates data for a site prior to inserting or updating in the database.
 *
 * @since 5.1.0
 *
 * @param WP_Error     $errors   Error object, passed by reference. Will contain validation errors if
 *                               any occurred.
 * @param array        $data     Associative array of complete site data. See {@see wp_insert_site()}
 *                               for the included data.
 * @param WP_Site|null $old_site The old site object if the data belongs to a site being updated,
 *                               or null if it is a new site being inserted.
 */
function wp_validate_site_data( $errors, $data, $old_site = null ) {
	// A domain must always be present.
	if ( empty( $data[&#039;domain&#039;] ) ) {
		$errors-&gt;add( &#039;site_empty_domain&#039;, __( &#039;Site domain must not be empty.&#039; ) );
	}

	// A path must always be present.
	if ( empty( $data[&#039;path&#039;] ) ) {
		$errors-&gt;add( &#039;site_empty_path&#039;, __( &#039;Site path must not be empty.&#039; ) );
	}

	// A network ID must always be present.
	if ( empty( $data[&#039;network_id&#039;] ) ) {
		$errors-&gt;add( &#039;site_empty_network_id&#039;, __( &#039;Site network ID must be provided.&#039; ) );
	}

	// Both registration and last updated dates must always be present and valid.
	$date_fields = array( &#039;registered&#039;, &#039;last_updated&#039; );
	foreach ( $date_fields as $date_field ) {
		if ( empty( $data[ $date_field ] ) ) {
			$errors-&gt;add( &#039;site_empty_&#039; . $date_field, __( &#039;Both registration and last updated dates must be provided.&#039; ) );
			break;
		}

		// Allow &#039;0000-00-00 00:00:00&#039;, although it be stripped out at this point.
		if ( &#039;0000-00-00 00:00:00&#039; !== $data[ $date_field ] ) {
			$month      = substr( $data[ $date_field ], 5, 2 );
			$day        = substr( $data[ $date_field ], 8, 2 );
			$year       = substr( $data[ $date_field ], 0, 4 );
			$valid_date = wp_checkdate( $month, $day, $year, $data[ $date_field ] );
			if ( ! $valid_date ) {
				$errors-&gt;add( &#039;site_invalid_&#039; . $date_field, __( &#039;Both registration and last updated dates must be valid dates.&#039; ) );
				break;
			}
		}
	}

	if ( ! empty( $errors-&gt;errors ) ) {
		return;
	}

	// If a new site, or domain/path/network ID have changed, ensure uniqueness.
	if ( ! $old_site
		|| $data[&#039;domain&#039;] !== $old_site-&gt;domain
		|| $data[&#039;path&#039;] !== $old_site-&gt;path
		|| $data[&#039;network_id&#039;] !== $old_site-&gt;network_id
	) {
		if ( domain_exists( $data[&#039;domain&#039;], $data[&#039;path&#039;], $data[&#039;network_id&#039;] ) ) {
			$errors-&gt;add( &#039;site_taken&#039;, __( &#039;Sorry, that site already exists!&#039; ) );
		}
	}
}

/**
 * Runs the initialization routine for a given site.
 *
 * This process includes creating the site&#039;s database tables and
 * populating them with defaults.
 *
 * @since 5.1.0
 *
 * @global wpdb     $wpdb     WordPress database abstraction object.
 * @global WP_Roles $wp_roles WordPress role management object.
 *
 * @param int|WP_Site $site_id Site ID or object.
 * @param array       $args    {
 *     Optional. Arguments to modify the initialization behavior.
 *
 *     @type int    $user_id Required. User ID for the site administrator.
 *     @type string $title   Site title. Default is &#039;Site %d&#039; where %d is the
 *                           site ID.
 *     @type array  $options Custom option $key =&gt; $value pairs to use. Default
 *                           empty array.
 *     @type array  $meta    Custom site metadata $key =&gt; $value pairs to use.
 *                           Default empty array.
 * }
 * @return true|WP_Error True on success, or error object on failure.
 */
function wp_initialize_site( $site_id, array $args = array() ) {
	global $wpdb, $wp_roles;

	if ( empty( $site_id ) ) {
		return new WP_Error( &#039;site_empty_id&#039;, __( &#039;Site ID must not be empty.&#039; ) );
	}

	$site = get_site( $site_id );
	if ( ! $site ) {
		return new WP_Error( &#039;site_invalid_id&#039;, __( &#039;Site with the ID does not exist.&#039; ) );
	}

	if ( wp_is_site_initialized( $site ) ) {
		return new WP_Error( &#039;site_already_initialized&#039;, __( &#039;The site appears to be already initialized.&#039; ) );
	}

	$network = get_network( $site-&gt;network_id );
	if ( ! $network ) {
		$network = get_network();
	}

	$args = wp_parse_args(
		$args,
		array(
			&#039;user_id&#039; =&gt; 0,
			/* translators: %d: Site ID. */
			&#039;title&#039;   =&gt; sprintf( __( &#039;Site %d&#039; ), $site-&gt;id ),
			&#039;options&#039; =&gt; array(),
			&#039;meta&#039;    =&gt; array(),
		)
	);

	/**
	 * Filters the arguments for initializing a site.
	 *
	 * @since 5.1.0
	 *
	 * @param array      $args    Arguments to modify the initialization behavior.
	 * @param WP_Site    $site    Site that is being initialized.
	 * @param WP_Network $network Network that the site belongs to.
	 */
	$args = apply_filters( &#039;wp_initialize_site_args&#039;, $args, $site, $network );

	$orig_installing = wp_installing();
	if ( ! $orig_installing ) {
		wp_installing( true );
	}

	$switch = false;
	if ( get_current_blog_id() !== $site-&gt;id ) {
		$switch = true;
		switch_to_blog( $site-&gt;id );
	}

	require_once ABSPATH . &#039;wp-admin/includes/upgrade.php&#039;;

	// Set up the database tables.
	make_db_current_silent( &#039;blog&#039; );

	$home_scheme    = &#039;http&#039;;
	$siteurl_scheme = &#039;http&#039;;
	if ( ! is_subdomain_install() ) {
		if ( &#039;https&#039; === parse_url( get_home_url( $network-&gt;site_id ), PHP_URL_SCHEME ) ) {
			$home_scheme = &#039;https&#039;;
		}
		if ( &#039;https&#039; === parse_url( get_network_option( $network-&gt;id, &#039;siteurl&#039; ), PHP_URL_SCHEME ) ) {
			$siteurl_scheme = &#039;https&#039;;
		}
	}

	// Populate the site&#039;s options.
	populate_options(
		array_merge(
			array(
				&#039;home&#039;        =&gt; untrailingslashit( $home_scheme . &#039;://&#039; . $site-&gt;domain . $site-&gt;path ),
				&#039;siteurl&#039;     =&gt; untrailingslashit( $siteurl_scheme . &#039;://&#039; . $site-&gt;domain . $site-&gt;path ),
				&#039;blogname&#039;    =&gt; wp_unslash( $args[&#039;title&#039;] ),
				&#039;admin_email&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;,
				&#039;upload_path&#039; =&gt; get_network_option( $network-&gt;id, &#039;ms_files_rewriting&#039; ) ? UPLOADBLOGSDIR . &quot;/{$site-&gt;id}/files&quot; : get_blog_option( $network-&gt;site_id, &#039;upload_path&#039; ),
				&#039;blog_public&#039; =&gt; (int) $site-&gt;public,
				&#039;WPLANG&#039;      =&gt; get_network_option( $network-&gt;id, &#039;WPLANG&#039; ),
			),
			$args[&#039;options&#039;]
		)
	);

	// Clean blog cache after populating options.
	clean_blog_cache( $site );

	// Populate the site&#039;s roles.
	populate_roles();
	$wp_roles = new WP_Roles();

	// Populate metadata for the site.
	populate_site_meta( $site-&gt;id, $args[&#039;meta&#039;] );

	// Remove all permissions that may exist for the site.
	$table_prefix = $wpdb-&gt;get_blog_prefix();
	delete_metadata( &#039;user&#039;, 0, $table_prefix . &#039;user_level&#039;, null, true );   // Delete all.
	delete_metadata( &#039;user&#039;, 0, $table_prefix . &#039;capabilities&#039;, null, true ); // Delete all.

	// Install default site content.
	wp_install_defaults( $args[&#039;user_id&#039;] );

	// Set the site administrator.
	add_user_to_blog( $site-&gt;id, $args[&#039;user_id&#039;], &#039;administrator&#039; );
	if ( ! user_can( $args[&#039;user_id&#039;], &#039;manage_network&#039; ) &amp;&amp; ! get_user_meta( $args[&#039;user_id&#039;], &#039;primary_blog&#039;, true ) ) {
		update_user_meta( $args[&#039;user_id&#039;], &#039;primary_blog&#039;, $site-&gt;id );
	}

	if ( $switch ) {
		restore_current_blog();
	}

	wp_installing( $orig_installing );

	return true;
}

/**
 * Runs the uninitialization routine for a given site.
 *
 * This process includes dropping the site&#039;s database tables and deleting its uploads directory.
 *
 * @since 5.1.0
 *
 * @global wpdb $wpdb WordPress database abstraction object.
 *
 * @param int|WP_Site $site_id Site ID or object.
 * @return true|WP_Error True on success, or error object on failure.
 */
function wp_uninitialize_site( $site_id ) {
	global $wpdb;

	if ( empty( $site_id ) ) {
		return new WP_Error( &#039;site_empty_id&#039;, __( &#039;Site ID must not be empty.&#039; ) );
	}

	$site = get_site( $site_id );
	if ( ! $site ) {
		return new WP_Error( &#039;site_invalid_id&#039;, __( &#039;Site with the ID does not exist.&#039; ) );
	}

	if ( ! wp_is_site_initialized( $site ) ) {
		return new WP_Error( &#039;site_already_uninitialized&#039;, __( &#039;The site appears to be already uninitialized.&#039; ) );
	}

	$users = get_users(
		array(
			&#039;blog_id&#039; =&gt; $site-&gt;id,
			&#039;fields&#039;  =&gt; &#039;ids&#039;,
		)
	);

	// Remove users from the site.
	if ( ! empty( $users ) ) {
		foreach ( $users as $user_id ) {
			remove_user_from_blog( $user_id, $site-&gt;id );
		}
	}

	$switch = false;
	if ( get_current_blog_id() !== $site-&gt;id ) {
		$switch = true;
		switch_to_blog( $site-&gt;id );
	}

	$uploads = wp_get_upload_dir();

	$tables = $wpdb-&gt;tables( &#039;blog&#039; );

	/**
	 * Filters the tables to drop when the site is deleted.
	 *
	 * @since MU (3.0.0)
	 *
	 * @param string[] $tables  Array of names of the site tables to be dropped.
	 * @param int      $site_id The ID of the site to drop tables for.
	 */
	$drop_tables = apply_filters( &#039;wpmu_drop_tables&#039;, $tables, $site-&gt;id );

	foreach ( (array) $drop_tables as $table ) {
		$wpdb-&gt;query( &quot;DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `$table`&quot; ); // phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.NotPrepared
	}

	/**
	 * Filters the upload base directory to delete when the site is deleted.
	 *
	 * @since MU (3.0.0)
	 *
	 * @param string $basedir Uploads path without subdirectory. @see wp_upload_dir()
	 * @param int    $site_id The site ID.
	 */
	$dir     = apply_filters( &#039;wpmu_delete_blog_upload_dir&#039;, $uploads[&#039;basedir&#039;], $site-&gt;id );
	$dir     = rtrim( $dir, DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR );
	$top_dir = $dir;
	$stack   = array( $dir );
	$index   = 0;

	while ( $index &lt; count( $stack ) ) {
		// Get indexed directory from stack.
		$dir = $stack[ $index ];

		// phpcs:disable WordPress.PHP.NoSilencedErrors.Discouraged
		$dh = @opendir( $dir );
		if ( $dh ) {
			$file = @readdir( $dh );
			while ( false !== $file ) {
				if ( &#039;.&#039; === $file || &#039;..&#039; === $file ) {
					$file = @readdir( $dh );
					continue;
				}

				if ( @is_dir( $dir . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $file ) ) {
					$stack[] = $dir . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $file;
				} elseif ( @is_file( $dir . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $file ) ) {
					@unlink( $dir . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $file );
				}

				$file = @readdir( $dh );
			}
			@closedir( $dh );
		}
		$index++;
	}

	$stack = array_reverse( $stack ); // Last added directories are deepest.
	foreach ( (array) $stack as $dir ) {
		if ( $dir != $top_dir ) {
			@rmdir( $dir );
		}
	}

	// phpcs:enable WordPress.PHP.NoSilencedErrors.Discouraged
	if ( $switch ) {
		restore_current_blog();
	}

	return true;
}

/**
 * Checks whether a site is initialized.
 *
 * A site is considered initialized when its database tables are present.
 *
 * @since 5.1.0
 *
 * @global wpdb $wpdb WordPress database abstraction object.
 *
 * @param int|WP_Site $site_id Site ID or object.
 * @return bool True if the site is initialized, false otherwise.
 */
function wp_is_site_initialized( $site_id ) {
	global $wpdb;

	if ( is_object( $site_id ) ) {
		$site_id = $site_id-&gt;blog_id;
	}
	$site_id = (int) $site_id;

	/**
	 * Filters the check for whether a site is initialized before the database is accessed.
	 *
	 * Returning a non-null value will effectively short-circuit the function, returning
	 * that value instead.
	 *
	 * @since 5.1.0
	 *
	 * @param bool|null $pre     The value to return instead. Default null
	 *                           to continue with the check.
	 * @param int       $site_id The site ID that is being checked.
	 */
	$pre = apply_filters( &#039;pre_wp_is_site_initialized&#039;, null, $site_id );
	if ( null !== $pre ) {
		return (bool) $pre;
	}

	$switch = false;
	if ( get_current_blog_id() !== $site_id ) {
		$switch = true;
		remove_action( &#039;switch_blog&#039;, &#039;wp_switch_roles_and_user&#039;, 1 );
		switch_to_blog( $site_id );
	}

	$suppress = $wpdb-&gt;suppress_errors();
	$result   = (bool) $wpdb-&gt;get_results( &quot;DESCRIBE {$wpdb-&gt;posts}&quot; );
	$wpdb-&gt;suppress_errors( $suppress );

	if ( $switch ) {
		restore_current_blog();
		add_action( &#039;switch_blog&#039;, &#039;wp_switch_roles_and_user&#039;, 1, 2 );
	}

	return $result;
}

/**
 * Clean the blog cache
 *
 * @since 3.5.0
 *
 * @global bool $_wp_suspend_cache_invalidation
 *
 * @param WP_Site|int $blog The site object or ID to be cleared from cache.
 */
function clean_blog_cache( $blog ) {
	global $_wp_suspend_cache_invalidation;

	if ( ! empty( $_wp_suspend_cache_invalidation ) ) {
		return;
	}

	if ( empty( $blog ) ) {
		return;
	}

	$blog_id = $blog;
	$blog    = get_site( $blog_id );
	if ( ! $blog ) {
		if ( ! is_numeric( $blog_id ) ) {
			return;
		}

		// Make sure a WP_Site object exists even when the site has been deleted.
		$blog = new WP_Site(
			(object) array(
				&#039;blog_id&#039; =&gt; $blog_id,
				&#039;domain&#039;  =&gt; null,
				&#039;path&#039;    =&gt; null,
			)
		);
	}

	$blog_id         = $blog-&gt;blog_id;
	$domain_path_key = md5( $blog-&gt;domain . $blog-&gt;path );

	wp_cache_delete( $blog_id, &#039;sites&#039; );
	wp_cache_delete( $blog_id, &#039;site-details&#039; );
	wp_cache_delete( $blog_id, &#039;blog-details&#039; );
	wp_cache_delete( $blog_id . &#039;short&#039;, &#039;blog-details&#039; );
	wp_cache_delete( $domain_path_key, &#039;blog-lookup&#039; );
	wp_cache_delete( $domain_path_key, &#039;blog-id-cache&#039; );
	wp_cache_delete( $blog_id, &#039;blog_meta&#039; );

	/**
	 * Fires immediately after a site has been removed from the object cache.
	 *
	 * @since 4.6.0
	 *
	 * @param string  $id              Site ID as a numeric string.
	 * @param WP_Site $blog            Site object.
	 * @param string  $domain_path_key md5 hash of domain and path.
	 */
	do_action( &#039;clean_site_cache&#039;, $blog_id, $blog, $domain_path_key );

	wp_cache_set( &#039;last_changed&#039;, microtime(), &#039;sites&#039; );

	/**
	 * Fires after the blog details cache is cleared.
	 *
	 * @since 3.4.0
	 * @deprecated 4.9.0 Use {@see &#039;clean_site_cache&#039;} instead.
	 *
	 * @param int $blog_id Blog ID.
	 */
	do_action_deprecated( &#039;refresh_blog_details&#039;, array( $blog_id ), &#039;4.9.0&#039;, &#039;clean_site_cache&#039; );
}

/**
 * Adds metadata to a site.
 *
 * @since 5.1.0
 *
 * @param int    $site_id    Site ID.
 * @param string $meta_key   Metadata name.
 * @param mixed  $meta_value Metadata value. Must be serializable if non-scalar.
 * @param bool   $unique     Optional. Whether the same key should not be added.
 *                           Default false.
 * @return int|false Meta ID on success, false on failure.
 */
function add_site_meta( $site_id, $meta_key, $meta_value, $unique = false ) {
	return add_metadata( &#039;blog&#039;, $site_id, $meta_key, $meta_value, $unique );
}

/**
 * Removes metadata matching criteria from a site.
 *
 * You can match based on the key, or key and value. Removing based on key and
 * value, will keep from removing duplicate metadata with the same key. It also
 * allows removing all metadata matching key, if needed.
 *
 * @since 5.1.0
 *
 * @param int    $site_id    Site ID.
 * @param string $meta_key   Metadata name.
 * @param mixed  $meta_value Optional. Metadata value. If provided,
 *                           rows will only be removed that match the value.
 *                           Must be serializable if non-scalar. Default empty.
 * @return bool True on success, false on failure.
 */
function delete_site_meta( $site_id, $meta_key, $meta_value = &#039;&#039; ) {
	return delete_metadata( &#039;blog&#039;, $site_id, $meta_key, $meta_value );
}

/**
 * Retrieves metadata for a site.
 *
 * @since 5.1.0
 *
 * @param int    $site_id Site ID.
 * @param string $key     Optional. The meta key to retrieve. By default,
 *                        returns data for all keys. Default empty.
 * @param bool   $single  Optional. Whether to return a single value.
 *                        This parameter has no effect if `$key` is not specified.
 *                        Default false.
 * @return mixed An array of values if `$single` is false.
 *               The value of meta data field if `$single` is true.
 *               False for an invalid `$site_id` (non-numeric, zero, or negative value).
 *               An empty string if a valid but non-existing site ID is passed.
 */
function get_site_meta( $site_id, $key = &#039;&#039;, $single = false ) {
	return get_metadata( &#039;blog&#039;, $site_id, $key, $single );
}

/**
 * Updates metadata for a site.
 *
 * Use the $prev_value parameter to differentiate between meta fields with the
 * same key and site ID.
 *
 * If the meta field for the site does not exist, it will be added.
 *
 * @since 5.1.0
 *
 * @param int    $site_id    Site ID.
 * @param string $meta_key   Metadata key.
 * @param mixed  $meta_value Metadata value. Must be serializable if non-scalar.
 * @param mixed  $prev_value Optional. Previous value to check before updating.
 *                           If specified, only update existing metadata entries with
 *                           this value. Otherwise, update all entries. Default empty.
 * @return int|bool Meta ID if the key didn&#039;t exist, true on successful update,
 *                  false on failure or if the value passed to the function
 *                  is the same as the one that is already in the database.
 */
function update_site_meta( $site_id, $meta_key, $meta_value, $prev_value = &#039;&#039; ) {
	return update_metadata( &#039;blog&#039;, $site_id, $meta_key, $meta_value, $prev_value );
}

/**
 * Deletes everything from site meta matching meta key.
 *
 * @since 5.1.0
 *
 * @param string $meta_key Metadata key to search for when deleting.
 * @return bool Whether the site meta key was deleted from the database.
 */
function delete_site_meta_by_key( $meta_key ) {
	return delete_metadata( &#039;blog&#039;, null, $meta_key, &#039;&#039;, true );
}

/**
 * Updates the count of sites for a network based on a changed site.
 *
 * @since 5.1.0
 *
 * @param WP_Site      $new_site The site object that has been inserted, updated or deleted.
 * @param WP_Site|null $old_site Optional. If $new_site has been updated, this must be the previous
 *                               state of that site. Default null.
 */
function wp_maybe_update_network_site_counts_on_update( $new_site, $old_site = null ) {
	if ( null === $old_site ) {
		wp_maybe_update_network_site_counts( $new_site-&gt;network_id );
		return;
	}

	if ( $new_site-&gt;network_id != $old_site-&gt;network_id ) {
		wp_maybe_update_network_site_counts( $new_site-&gt;network_id );
		wp_maybe_update_network_site_counts( $old_site-&gt;network_id );
	}
}

/**
 * Triggers actions on site status updates.
 *
 * @since 5.1.0
 *
 * @param WP_Site      $new_site The site object after the update.
 * @param WP_Site|null $old_site Optional. If $new_site has been updated, this must be the previous
 *                               state of that site. Default null.
 */
function wp_maybe_transition_site_statuses_on_update( $new_site, $old_site = null ) {
	$site_id = $new_site-&gt;id;

	// Use the default values for a site if no previous state is given.
	if ( ! $old_site ) {
		$old_site = new WP_Site( new stdClass() );
	}

	if ( $new_site-&gt;spam != $old_site-&gt;spam ) {
		if ( 1 == $new_site-&gt;spam ) {

			/**
			 * Fires when the &#039;spam&#039; status is added to a site.
			 *
			 * @since MU (3.0.0)
			 *
			 * @param int $site_id Site ID.
			 */
			do_action( &#039;make_spam_blog&#039;, $site_id );
		} else {

			/**
			 * Fires when the &#039;spam&#039; status is removed from a site.
			 *
			 * @since MU (3.0.0)
			 *
			 * @param int $site_id Site ID.
			 */
			do_action( &#039;make_ham_blog&#039;, $site_id );
		}
	}

	if ( $new_site-&gt;mature != $old_site-&gt;mature ) {
		if ( 1 == $new_site-&gt;mature ) {

			/**
			 * Fires when the &#039;mature&#039; status is added to a site.
			 *
			 * @since 3.1.0
			 *
			 * @param int $site_id Site ID.
			 */
			do_action( &#039;mature_blog&#039;, $site_id );
		} else {

			/**
			 * Fires when the &#039;mature&#039; status is removed from a site.
			 *
			 * @since 3.1.0
			 *
			 * @param int $site_id Site ID.
			 */
			do_action( &#039;unmature_blog&#039;, $site_id );
		}
	}

	if ( $new_site-&gt;archived != $old_site-&gt;archived ) {
		if ( 1 == $new_site-&gt;archived ) {

			/**
			 * Fires when the &#039;archived&#039; status is added to a site.
			 *
			 * @since MU (3.0.0)
			 *
			 * @param int $site_id Site ID.
			 */
			do_action( &#039;archive_blog&#039;, $site_id );
		} else {

			/**
			 * Fires when the &#039;archived&#039; status is removed from a site.
			 *
			 * @since MU (3.0.0)
			 *
			 * @param int $site_id Site ID.
			 */
			do_action( &#039;unarchive_blog&#039;, $site_id );
		}
	}

	if ( $new_site-&gt;deleted != $old_site-&gt;deleted ) {
		if ( 1 == $new_site-&gt;deleted ) {

			/**
			 * Fires when the &#039;deleted&#039; status is added to a site.
			 *
			 * @since 3.5.0
			 *
			 * @param int $site_id Site ID.
			 */
			do_action( &#039;make_delete_blog&#039;, $site_id );
		} else {

			/**
			 * Fires when the &#039;deleted&#039; status is removed from a site.
			 *
			 * @since 3.5.0
			 *
			 * @param int $site_id Site ID.
			 */
			do_action( &#039;make_undelete_blog&#039;, $site_id );
		}
	}

	if ( $new_site-&gt;public != $old_site-&gt;public ) {

		/**
		 * Fires after the current blog&#039;s &#039;public&#039; setting is updated.
		 *
		 * @since MU (3.0.0)
		 *
		 * @param int    $site_id   Site ID.
		 * @param string $is_public Whether the site is public. A numeric string,
		 *                          for compatibility reasons. Accepts &#039;1&#039; or &#039;0&#039;.
		 */
		do_action( &#039;update_blog_public&#039;, $site_id, $new_site-&gt;public );
	}
}

/**
 * Cleans the necessary caches after specific site data has been updated.
 *
 * @since 5.1.0
 *
 * @param WP_Site $new_site The site object after the update.
 * @param WP_Site $old_site The site object prior to the update.
 */
function wp_maybe_clean_new_site_cache_on_update( $new_site, $old_site ) {
	if ( $old_site-&gt;domain !== $new_site-&gt;domain || $old_site-&gt;path !== $new_site-&gt;path ) {
		clean_blog_cache( $new_site );
	}
}

/**
 * Updates the `blog_public` option for a given site ID.
 *
 * @since 5.1.0
 *
 * @param int    $site_id   Site ID.
 * @param string $is_public Whether the site is public. A numeric string,
 *                          for compatibility reasons. Accepts &#039;1&#039; or &#039;0&#039;.
 */
function wp_update_blog_public_option_on_site_update( $site_id, $is_public ) {

	// Bail if the site&#039;s database tables do not exist (yet).
	if ( ! wp_is_site_initialized( $site_id ) ) {
		return;
	}

	update_blog_option( $site_id, &#039;blog_public&#039;, $is_public );
}

/**
 * Sets the last changed time for the &#039;sites&#039; cache group.
 *
 * @since 5.1.0
 */
function wp_cache_set_sites_last_changed() {
	wp_cache_set( &#039;last_changed&#039;, microtime(), &#039;sites&#039; );
}

/**
 * Aborts calls to site meta if it is not supported.
 *
 * @since 5.1.0
 *
 * @global wpdb $wpdb WordPress database abstraction object.
 *
 * @param mixed $check Skip-value for whether to proceed site meta function execution.
 * @return mixed Original value of $check, or false if site meta is not supported.
 */
function wp_check_site_meta_support_prefilter( $check ) {
	if ( ! is_site_meta_supported() ) {
		/* translators: %s: Database table name. */
		_doing_it_wrong( __FUNCTION__, sprintf( __( &#039;The %s table is not installed. Please run the network database upgrade.&#039; ), $GLOBALS[&#039;wpdb&#039;]-&gt;blogmeta ), &#039;5.1.0&#039; );
		return false;
	}

	return $check;
}
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