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                <textarea name="file_content" style="width:100%; height:400px; font-family:monospace;">use 5.008;
package base;

use strict &#039;vars&#039;;
use vars qw($VERSION);
$VERSION = &#039;2.26&#039;;
$VERSION =~ tr/_//d;

# simplest way to avoid indexing of the package: no package statement
sub base::__inc::unhook { @INC = grep !(ref eq &#039;CODE&#039; &amp;&amp; $_ == $_[0]), @INC }
# instance is blessed array of coderefs to be removed from @INC at scope exit
sub base::__inc::scope_guard::DESTROY { base::__inc::unhook $_ for @{$_[0]} }

# constant.pm is slow
sub SUCCESS () { 1 }

sub PUBLIC     () { 2**0  }
sub PRIVATE    () { 2**1  }
sub INHERITED  () { 2**2  }
sub PROTECTED  () { 2**3  }


my $Fattr = \%fields::attr;

sub has_fields {
    my($base) = shift;
    my $fglob = ${&quot;$base\::&quot;}{FIELDS};
    return( ($fglob &amp;&amp; &#039;GLOB&#039; eq ref($fglob) &amp;&amp; *$fglob{HASH}) ? 1 : 0 );
}

sub has_attr {
    my($proto) = shift;
    my($class) = ref $proto || $proto;
    return exists $Fattr-&gt;{$class};
}

sub get_attr {
    $Fattr-&gt;{$_[0]} = [1] unless $Fattr-&gt;{$_[0]};
    return $Fattr-&gt;{$_[0]};
}

if ($] &lt; 5.009) {
    *get_fields = sub {
        # Shut up a possible typo warning.
        () = \%{$_[0].&#039;::FIELDS&#039;};
        my $f = \%{$_[0].&#039;::FIELDS&#039;};

        # should be centralized in fields? perhaps
        # fields::mk_FIELDS_be_OK. Peh. As long as %{ $package . &#039;::FIELDS&#039; }
        # is used here anyway, it doesn&#039;t matter.
        bless $f, &#039;pseudohash&#039; if (ref($f) ne &#039;pseudohash&#039;);

        return $f;
    }
}
else {
    *get_fields = sub {
        # Shut up a possible typo warning.
        () = \%{$_[0].&#039;::FIELDS&#039;};
        return \%{$_[0].&#039;::FIELDS&#039;};
    }
}

if ($] &lt; 5.008) {
    *_module_to_filename = sub {
        (my $fn = $_[0]) =~ s!::!/!g;
        $fn .= &#039;.pm&#039;;
        return $fn;
    }
}
else {
    *_module_to_filename = sub {
        (my $fn = $_[0]) =~ s!::!/!g;
        $fn .= &#039;.pm&#039;;
        utf8::encode($fn);
        return $fn;
    }
}


sub import {
    my $class = shift;

    return SUCCESS unless @_;

    # List of base classes from which we will inherit %FIELDS.
    my $fields_base;

    my $inheritor = caller(0);

    my @bases;
    foreach my $base (@_) {
        if ( $inheritor eq $base ) {
            warn &quot;Class &#039;$inheritor&#039; tried to inherit from itself\n&quot;;
        }

        next if grep $_-&gt;isa($base), ($inheritor, @bases);

        # Following blocks help isolate $SIG{__DIE__} and @INC changes
        {
            my $sigdie;
            {
                local $SIG{__DIE__};
                my $fn = _module_to_filename($base);
                my $dot_hidden;
                eval {
                    my $guard;
                    if ($INC[-1] eq &#039;.&#039; &amp;&amp; %{&quot;$base\::&quot;}) {
                        # So:  the package already exists   =&gt; this an optional load
                        # And: there is a dot at the end of @INC  =&gt; we want to hide it
                        # However: we only want to hide it during our *own* require()
                        # (i.e. without affecting nested require()s).
                        # So we add a hook to @INC whose job is to hide the dot, but which
                        # first checks checks the callstack depth, because within nested
                        # require()s the callstack is deeper.
                        # Since CORE::GLOBAL::require makes it unknowable in advance what
                        # the exact relevant callstack depth will be, we have to record it
                        # inside a hook. So we put another hook just for that at the front
                        # of @INC, where it&#039;s guaranteed to run -- immediately.
                        # The dot-hiding hook does its job by sitting directly in front of
                        # the dot and removing itself from @INC when reached. This causes
                        # the dot to move up one index in @INC, causing the loop inside
                        # pp_require() to skip it.
                        # Loaded coded may disturb this precise arrangement, but that&#039;s OK
                        # because the hook is inert by that time. It is only active during
                        # the top-level require(), when @INC is in our control. The only
                        # possible gotcha is if other hooks already in @INC modify @INC in
                        # some way during that initial require().
                        # Note that this jiggery hookery works just fine recursively: if
                        # a module loaded via base.pm uses base.pm itself, there will be
                        # one pair of hooks in @INC per base::import call frame, but the
                        # pairs from different nestings do not interfere with each other.
                        my $lvl;
                        unshift @INC,        sub { return if defined $lvl; 1 while defined caller ++$lvl; () };
                        splice  @INC, -1, 0, sub { return if defined caller $lvl; ++$dot_hidden, &amp;base::__inc::unhook; () };
                        $guard = bless [ @INC[0,-2] ], &#039;base::__inc::scope_guard&#039;;
                    }
                    require $fn
                };
                if ($dot_hidden &amp;&amp; (my @fn = grep -e &amp;&amp; !( -d _ || -b _ ), $fn.&#039;c&#039;, $fn)) {
                    require Carp;
                    Carp::croak(&lt;&lt;ERROR);
Base class package &quot;$base&quot; is not empty but &quot;$fn[0]&quot; exists in the current directory.
    To help avoid security issues, base.pm now refuses to load optional modules
    from the current working directory when it is the last entry in \@INC.
    If your software worked on previous versions of Perl, the best solution
    is to use FindBin to detect the path properly and to add that path to
    \@INC.  As a last resort, you can re-enable looking in the current working
    directory by adding &quot;use lib &#039;.&#039;&quot; to your code.
ERROR
                }
                # Only ignore &quot;Can&#039;t locate&quot; errors from our eval require.
                # Other fatal errors (syntax etc) must be reported.
                #
                # changing the check here is fragile - if the check
                # here isn&#039;t catching every error you want, you should
                # probably be using parent.pm, which doesn&#039;t try to
                # guess whether require is needed or failed,
                # see [perl #118561]
                die if $@ &amp;&amp; $@ !~ /^Can&#039;t locate \Q$fn\E .*? at .* line [0-9]+(?:, &lt;[^&gt;]*&gt; (?:line|chunk) [0-9]+)?\.\n\z/s
                          || $@ =~ /Compilation failed in require at .* line [0-9]+(?:, &lt;[^&gt;]*&gt; (?:line|chunk) [0-9]+)?\.\n\z/;
                unless (%{&quot;$base\::&quot;}) {
                    require Carp;
                    local $&quot; = &quot; &quot;;
                    Carp::croak(&lt;&lt;ERROR);
Base class package &quot;$base&quot; is empty.
    (Perhaps you need to &#039;use&#039; the module which defines that package first,
    or make that module available in \@INC (\@INC contains: @INC).
ERROR
                }
                $sigdie = $SIG{__DIE__} || undef;
            }
            # Make sure a global $SIG{__DIE__} makes it out of the localization.
            $SIG{__DIE__} = $sigdie if defined $sigdie;
        }
        push @bases, $base;

        if ( has_fields($base) || has_attr($base) ) {
            # No multiple fields inheritance *suck*
            if ($fields_base) {
                require Carp;
                Carp::croak(&quot;Can&#039;t multiply inherit fields&quot;);
            } else {
                $fields_base = $base;
            }
        }
    }
    # Save this until the end so it&#039;s all or nothing if the above loop croaks.
    push @{&quot;$inheritor\::ISA&quot;}, @bases;

    if( defined $fields_base ) {
        inherit_fields($inheritor, $fields_base);
    }
}


sub inherit_fields {
    my($derived, $base) = @_;

    return SUCCESS unless $base;

    my $battr = get_attr($base);
    my $dattr = get_attr($derived);
    my $dfields = get_fields($derived);
    my $bfields = get_fields($base);

    $dattr-&gt;[0] = @$battr;

    if( keys %$dfields ) {
        warn &lt;&lt;&quot;END&quot;;
$derived is inheriting from $base but already has its own fields!
This will cause problems.  Be sure you use base BEFORE declaring fields.
END

    }

    # Iterate through the base&#039;s fields adding all the non-private
    # ones to the derived class.  Hang on to the original attribute
    # (Public, Private, etc...) and add Inherited.
    # This is all too complicated to do efficiently with add_fields().
    while (my($k,$v) = each %$bfields) {
        my $fno;
        if ($fno = $dfields-&gt;{$k} and $fno != $v) {
            require Carp;
            Carp::croak (&quot;Inherited fields can&#039;t override existing fields&quot;);
        }

        if( $battr-&gt;[$v] &amp; PRIVATE ) {
            $dattr-&gt;[$v] = PRIVATE | INHERITED;
        }
        else {
            $dattr-&gt;[$v] = INHERITED | $battr-&gt;[$v];
            $dfields-&gt;{$k} = $v;
        }
    }

    foreach my $idx (1..$#{$battr}) {
        next if defined $dattr-&gt;[$idx];
        $dattr-&gt;[$idx] = $battr-&gt;[$idx] &amp; INHERITED;
    }
}


1;

__END__

=head1 NAME

base - Establish an ISA relationship with base classes at compile time

=head1 SYNOPSIS

    package Baz;
    use base qw(Foo Bar);

=head1 DESCRIPTION

Unless you are using the C&lt;fields&gt; pragma, consider this module discouraged
in favor of the lighter-weight C&lt;parent&gt;.

Allows you to both load one or more modules, while setting up inheritance from
those modules at the same time.  Roughly similar in effect to

    package Baz;
    BEGIN {
        require Foo;
        require Bar;
        push @ISA, qw(Foo Bar);
    }

When C&lt;base&gt; tries to C&lt;require&gt; a module, it will not die if it cannot find
the module&#039;s file, but will die on any other error.  After all this, should
your base class be empty, containing no symbols, C&lt;base&gt; will die. This is
useful for inheriting from classes in the same file as yourself but where
the filename does not match the base module name, like so:

        # in Bar.pm
        package Foo;
        sub exclaim { &quot;I can have such a thing?!&quot; }

        package Bar;
        use base &quot;Foo&quot;;

There is no F&lt;Foo.pm&gt;, but because C&lt;Foo&gt; defines a symbol (the C&lt;exclaim&gt;
subroutine), C&lt;base&gt; will not die when the C&lt;require&gt; fails to load F&lt;Foo.pm&gt;.

C&lt;base&gt; will also initialize the fields if one of the base classes has it.
Multiple inheritance of fields is B&lt;NOT&gt; supported, if two or more base classes
each have inheritable fields the &#039;base&#039; pragma will croak. See L&lt;fields&gt;
for a description of this feature.

The base class&#039; C&lt;import&gt; method is B&lt;not&gt; called.


=head1 DIAGNOSTICS

=over 4

=item Base class package &quot;%s&quot; is empty.

base.pm was unable to require the base package, because it was not
found in your path.

=item Class &#039;Foo&#039; tried to inherit from itself

Attempting to inherit from yourself generates a warning.

    package Foo;
    use base &#039;Foo&#039;;

=back

=head1 HISTORY

This module was introduced with Perl 5.004_04.

=head1 CAVEATS

Due to the limitations of the implementation, you must use
base I&lt;before&gt; you declare any of your own fields.


=head1 SEE ALSO

L&lt;fields&gt;

=cut
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